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| Somers-class destroyer ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Somers-class destroyer
The ''Somers''-class destroyer was a class of five 1850-ton United States Navy destroyers based on the ''Porter'' class. They were answers to the large destroyers that the Japanese navy was building at the time, and were initially intended to be leaders for destroyer flotillas. They were laid down 1935-1936 and commissioned 1937-1939. They were built to round out the thirteen destroyers of 1,850 tons standard displacement allowed by the tonnage limits of the London Naval Treaty, and were originally intended to be repeat ''Porter''s. However, new high-pressure, high-temperature boilers became available, allowing the use of a single stack. This combined with weight savings (including elimination of reload torpedoes) allowed an increase from two quadruple centerline torpedo tube mounts to three. However, the ''Somers'' class were still over-weight and top-heavy.〔Friedman, pp. 84-86〕 This was the first US destroyer class to use steam superheated to ,〔Friedman, pp. 464-465〕 which became standard for US warships built in the late 1930s and World War II.〔Bauer and Roberts, pp. 186-187〕
Like the ''Porter''s, they were originally built with eight 5 inch/38 caliber (127 mm) guns in four single purpose (surface action only) twin mounts.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=DiGiulian, Tony, 5"/38 (12.7 cm) Mark 12 at NavWeaps.com )〕 Anti-aircraft (AA) protection was initially provided by two quadruple 1.1 inch (28 mm) machine cannon mounts and two .50-caliber machine guns. The 1.1 inch mounts were intended to compensate for the 5 inch guns' lack of AA capability; in the 1930s this was thought to be sufficient. As with the ''Porter''s, the ''Somers main armament was reduced to 6 guns (and replaced with dual-purpose mounts totaling 5 guns in ''Davis'' and ''Jouett'') during World War II, with the anti-aircraft armament replaced by 40 mm Bofors and 20 mm Oerlikon guns and the torpedo armament reduced to eight tubes.〔 In two ships (''Davis'' and ''Jouett'') the torpedo armament was eliminated to maximize the number of 40 mm guns.〔Friedman, p. 219〕
All of the class served in World War II, initially on Neutrality Patrols in the Atlantic and Caribbean. In early 1942 ''Warrington'' and ''Sampson'' were transferred to the Southeast Pacific Area, where they primarily escorted convoys between the Panama Canal and the Society Islands. In mid-1943 these two were transferred to the Southwest Pacific Area and operated near New Guinea and in the Solomon Islands; the others operated off Brazil and in the Caribbean and South Atlantic. In May 1944 all were transferred to the North Atlantic to support the invasion of Normandy, which ''Somers'', ''Davis'', and ''Jouett'' were directly involved in. ''Somers'' and ''Jouett'' supported the invasion of southern France in August. ''Warrington'' foundered in a hurricane in the Bahamas in September 1944. The others escorted convoys for the remainder of the war, and were scrapped by 1947.〔(''Somers''-class destroyers ) at (Destroyer History Foundation )〕
==Design==
The five ''Somers'' class were built to round out the eight ''Porter''-class 1850-ton destroyers to the London Naval Treaty tonnage limit of thirteen such ships, and were originally intended to be repeat ''Porter''s. However, controversial (for the time) high-pressure, high-temperature air-encased boilers derived from the ones installed in the modernized became available, and the class was built to a modified design by Gibbs & Cox. The new boilers allowed the use of a single stack. This combined with weight savings (including elimination of reload torpedoes) allowed an increase from two quadruple centerline torpedo tube mounts to three (versus the ''Porter''s). However, the ''Somers'' class were still over-weight and top-heavy.〔Friedman, pp. 84-86〕 The resulting broadside of twelve torpedo tubes was the heaviest ever on a US destroyer; other classes (, , and ) with sixteen torpedo tubes had an eight-tube broadside.〔 Gun armament remained the same as the ''Porter''s, with eight 5 inch/38 caliber (127 mm) single purpose (anti-surface only) guns in four twin mounts.〔 Two quadruple 1.1 inch (28 mm) machine cannon mounts were added to compensate for the lack of main battery anti-aircraft capability.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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